Andean Study: Meanings in our Data Set

Meaning‑List to be Collected for the Andean Languages

Preliminary Version (as of August 2003)

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Please note that this is still a fairly preliminary version of the final list we will be collecting data for. Most of the circa 270 meanings here are finalised, but remain to be refined as described below.

An important request to other Andean linguists! If there are any particular meanings, lexemes or morphemes (suffixes), extra data that you would like included in this list so that we collect comparative data for them, please feel free to email me to ask for me to include them (not too many though!)

Refinements to this list to be made to finalise it will include in particular:

• Splitting up certain English meanings for which Andean languages have no single general equivalent, but a set of more specific meanings, as for the English lexemes brother, thin, thick, and so on.

• Adding a column to the table showing such finer specifications of meanings.

• Adding a column to the table showing the Spanish equivalents through which the data will principally be collected.

• Adding a further separate list of derivational and grammatical morphemes to be collected (as attached to sample roots)

• Specifying the subset of about 150 lexemes each for which we will collect phonetic transcriptions

• Adding more columns to the table to show compatibility with other meaning lists and databases by other researchers.

• Specifying which terms are collected only for Amazonian languages, such as anteater(as inapplicable to the Andes) and vice versa.

The final four columns in the table below show whether a meaning is included in the following lists drawn up by other researchers: Swadesh’s 100 and 200 meaning lists, Starostin’s most stable 35 meaning‑list, and his ‘best fit to the time‑decay equation’ list of 55 meanings. We aim to include ALL of the meanings on all of their lists (with content necessary adjustments for the Andean linguistic and cultural context).

Meaning Part of Is this meaning included in this list?

(English lexeme) Speech Sw 1oo Sw 2oo St 35 St 55

above, on gcl word - - - -

after gcl word - - - -

agouti noun - - - -

all adjective Y Y - -

and gcl word - Y - -

animal noun - Y - -

anteater noun - - - -

arm noun - - - -

armadillo noun - - - -

arrow noun - - - -

ashes noun Y Y - -

at gcl word - Y - -

autumn noun - - - -

back noun - Y - -

bad adjective - Y - -

banana noun - - - -

bark noun Y Y - Y

bear noun - - - -

beard noun - - - -

beast noun - - - -

because gcl word - Y - -

beech noun - - - -

before gcl word - - - -

believe verb - - - -

belly (stomach) noun Y Y - Y

berry noun - - - -

between gcl word - - - -

big adjective Y Y - Y

bird noun Y Y - -

bite verb Y Y - -

black adjective Y Y - Y

blood noun Y Y Y Y

blow verb - Y - -

body noun - - - -

bone noun Y Y Y Y

bow noun - - - -

branch noun - - - -

brave adjective - - - -

bread noun - - - -

breast noun Y - - -

breathe verb - Y - -

bright adjective - - - -

broad adjective - - - -

brother noun - - - -

burn verb Y Y - Y

canoe noun - - - -

car noun - - - -

carry verb - - - -

castle noun - - - -

cat noun - - - -

cheek noun - - - -

chicha noun - - - -

child noun - Y - -

claw noun Y - - -

clean adjective - - - -

clothing noun - - - -

cloud noun Y Y - -

cob of corn noun - - - -

cold adjective Y Y - -

come verb Y Y - -

cook verb - - - -

corn (maize) noun - - - -

cough noun - - - -

count verb - Y - -

cow noun - - - -

cry verb - - - -

cut verb - Y - -

dance verb - - - -

dark adjective - - - -

daughter noun - - - -

day noun - Y - -

deer noun - - - -

defecate verb - - - -

die verb Y Y Y Y

dig verb - Y - -

dirty adjective - Y - -

do, make verb - - - -

dog noun Y Y Y Y

donkey noun - - - -

door noun - - - -

down gcl word - - - -

drink verb Y Y - -

dry adjective Y Y - Y

duck noun - - - -

dull / blunt adjective - Y - -

dust noun - Y - -

ear noun Y Y Y Y

earth (ground) noun Y Y - -

eat verb Y Y - Y

egg noun Y Y Y Y

eight numeral - - - -

elbow noun - - - -

empty adjective - - - -

enter verb - - - -

evening noun - - - -

eye noun Y Y Y Y

face noun - - - -

fall verb - Y - -

far adjective - Y - -

fast adjective - - - -

fat (grease) noun Y Y - -

father noun - Y - -

fear verb - Y - -

feather noun Y Y - -

few gcl word - Y - -

field noun - - - -

fight verb - Y - -

finger noun - - - -

fire noun Y Y Y Y

first adjective - - - -

fish noun Y Y Y -

five numeral - Y - -

float verb - Y - -

flow verb - Y - -

flower noun - Y - -

fly verb Y Y - -

fog noun - Y - -

food noun - - - -

foot noun Y Y - Y

forehead noun - - - -

four numeral - Y - -

freeze verb - Y - -

fruit noun - Y - -

full adjective Y - Y Y

girl noun - - - -

give verb Y Y Y -

go verb - - - -

goat noun - - - -

god noun - - - -

gold noun - - - -

good adjective Y Y - -

grass noun - Y - -

green adjective Y Y - -

grind verb - - - -

guest / host noun - - - -

guts noun - Y - -

hair noun Y Y - Y

hand noun Y Y Y -

happen verb - - - -

happy adjective - - - -

he/she morpheme - Y - -

head noun Y Y - Y

hear verb Y Y - -

heart noun Y Y - -

heavy adjective - Y - -

here gcl word - Y - -

hide verb - - - -

high up adjective - - - -

his/her/its gcl word - - - -

hit verb - Y - -

hold/‌take verb - Y - -

hope verb - - - -

horn noun Y - Y -

hot (not warm!) adjective Y Y - -

hour noun - - - -

house noun - - - -

how gcl word - Y - -

hundred numeral - - - -

hunt verb - Y - -

husband noun - Y - -

I gcl word Y Y Y Y

ice noun - Y - -

if gcl word - Y - -

in gcl word - Y - -

inside gcl word - - - -

is verb - - - -

kill verb Y Y - -

kind of gcl word - - - -

knee noun Y - - Y

know verb Y Y Y -

lake noun - Y - -

lamb noun - - - -

last (VB) verb - - - -

laugh verb - Y - -

law noun - - - -

leaf noun Y Y - Y

left (hand side) adjective - Y - -

leg noun - Y - -

lick verb - - - -

lie verb Y Y - -

light = bright thing noun - - - -

light = not heavy adjective - - - -

lip noun - - - -

listen verb - - - -

live verb - Y - -

liver noun Y Y - Y

long adjective Y Y - Y

louse noun Y Y Y -

maize noun - - - -

man/‌male noun Y Y - -

manioc noun - - - -

many adjective Y Y - Y

maybe gcl word - - - -

meat/‌flesh noun Y Y - Y

milk noun - - - -

moon noun Y - Y Y

mother noun - Y - -

mountain noun Y Y - -

mouse noun - - - -

mouth noun Y Y - Y

my gcl word - - - -

nail (finger) noun - - - -

name noun Y Y Y -

narrow adjective - Y - -

navel noun - - - -

navigate verb - - - -

near adjective - Y - Y

neck noun Y Y - Y

neighbour noun - - - -

new adjective Y Y Y Y

night noun Y Y - Y

nine numeral - - - -

nose noun Y Y Y Y

not gcl word Y Y - -

now gcl word - - - -

old adjective - Y - -

one numeral Y Y Y -

other adjective - Y - -

over gcl word - - - -

palm noun - - - -

parrot noun - - - -

part noun - - - -

part of gcl word - - - -

person noun Y Y - -

pig noun - - - -

play verb - Y - -

press verb - - - -

pull verb - Y - -

push verb - Y - -

rain noun Y Y - -

red adjective Y Y - -

right (correct) adjective - Y - -

right (hand side) adjective - Y - -

ripe adjective - - - -

river noun - Y - -

road noun Y Y - -

root noun Y Y - -

rope noun - Y - -

rotten adjective - Y - -

round adjective Y - - Y

rub verb - Y - -

sad adjective - - - -

salt noun - Y Y -

same adjective - - - -

sand noun Y Y - -

say verb Y Y - -

scratch (itch?) verb - Y - -

sea noun - Y - -

see verb Y Y - -

seed noun Y Y - -

sell verb - - - -

serve verb - - - -

seven numeral - - - -

sew verb - Y - -

shadow noun - - - -

sharp adjective - Y - -

shoot verb - - - -

short adjective - Y - Y

shoulder noun - - - -

sick adjective - - - -

sin noun - - - -

sing verb - Y - -

sister noun - - - -

sit verb Y Y - -

six numeral - - - -

skin noun Y Y - -

sky noun - Y - -

sleep verb Y Y - -

small adjective Y Y - -

smell verb - Y - -

smoke noun Y Y - -

smooth adjective - Y - -

snake noun - Y - Y

snow noun - Y - -

soft adjective - - - -

some gcl word - Y - -

son noun - - - -

speak verb - - - -

spear noun - - - -

spit verb - Y - -

split verb - Y - -

squeeze verb - Y - -

stab, pierce verb - Y - -

stand verb Y Y - -

star noun Y Y - Y

stick noun - Y - -

stone noun Y Y Y Y

straight adjective - Y - -

stretch verb - - - -

strong adjective - - - -

suck verb - Y - -

sun noun Y Y Y -

sweet adjective - - - -

sweet potato noun - - - -

swell verb - Y - -

swim verb Y Y - Y

tail noun Y Y Y Y

take away verb - - - -

taste verb - - - -

tear noun - - - -

ten numeral - - - -

that gcl word Y Y - -

there gcl word - Y - -

they morpheme - Y - -

thick adjective - Y - -

thin adjective - Y - Y

think verb - Y - -

this gcl word Y Y Y Y

thou (you s.) gcl word Y Y Y Y

thousand numeral - - - -

three numeral - Y - -

throw verb - Y - -

tie verb - Y - -

time (occasion) noun - - - -

tired adjective - - - -

tongue noun Y Y Y Y

tooth noun Y Y Y -

tree noun Y Y - Y

true adjective - - - -

turn verb - Y - -

twenty numeral - - - -

two numeral Y Y Y Y

ugly adjective - - - -

up gcl word - - - -

very gcl word - - - -

vomit verb - Y - -

walk verb Y Y - -

want verb - - - -

wash verb - Y - -

water noun Y Y Y Y

we (inclusive) gcl word Y Y - Y

weave verb - - - -

week noun - - - -

wet adjective - Y - -

what? gcl word Y Y Y Y

wheel noun - - - -

when? gcl word - Y - -

where? gcl word - Y - -

which? gcl word - - - -

white adjective Y Y - Y

who? gcl word Y Y Y Y

wide adjective - Y - -

widow noun - - - -

wife noun - Y - -

wind noun - Y Y -

wine noun - - - -

wing noun - Y - -

winter noun - - - -

wipe verb - Y - -

wise adjective - - - -

witch doctor noun - - - -

with gcl word - Y - -

wolf noun - - - -

woman noun Y Y - Y

womb noun - - - -

wood noun - - - -

woods noun - Y - -

wool noun - - - -

work verb - - - -

world noun - - - -

worm noun - Y - Y

wrap verb - - - -

yawn verb - - - -

ye (you pl.) gcl word - Y - -

year noun - Y Y Y

yellow adjective Y Y - Y

yes gcl word - - - -

yoke noun - - - -

young adjective - - - -

your gcl word - - - -

your (pl) gcl word - - - -